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Bondi, Hermann (1919-2005)
Biography of the Austrian-born, British cosmologist whose name is associated with steady-state cosmology, Tolman-Bondi solutions, accretion onto black hole, and the k-calculus; from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bondi.html
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De Sitter, Willem (1872-1934)
Brief biography of the Dutch astronomer who was one of the first to think about the theory's cosmological applications (de Sitter space); from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Sitter.html
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Friedmann, Aleksandr (1888-1925)
Brief biography of the Russian mathematician who found the first expanding-universe cosmological solution of Einstein's equations; from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Friedmann.html
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Riemann, Bernhard (1826-1866)
Brief biography of the mathematician who, before Einstein's birth, developed the geometrical tools that allowed Einstein and Großmann to formulate general relativity; from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Riemann.html
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Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio (1853-1925)
Brief biographical sketch of the mathematician who developed important mathematical tools (tensor calculus) that later would be used for formulating general relativity; from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ricci-Curbastro.html
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Lorentz, Hendrik (1853-1928)
Brief biography of the Dutch physicist who, before Einstein developed his special theory of relativity, developed much of that theory's formalism (Lorentz contraction, Lorentz transformation); from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lorentz.html
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Minkowski, Hermann (1864-1909)
Biographical sketch of the mathematician who was the first to develop the concept of spacetime as the geometric essence of special relativity (and starting point of general relativity); from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St.
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Minkowski.html
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Weyl, Hermann (1885-1955)
Brief biography of the German mathematician who made pioneering contribution to group theory and the concept of symmetry, and was one of the first to formulate a unified theory of electromagnetism and general relativity; from the MacTutor History of Math
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Weyl.html
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Grossmann, Marcel (1878-1936)
A brief biography the mathematician who, as his fellow student and friend, helped Einstein to understand the mathematical tools (mostly differential geometry) needed to formulate general relativity; from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (Unive
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html
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Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916)
Biography of the German astronomer who was the first to find a non-trivial solution to Einstein's field equations (which we now know describes a black hole); from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St. Andrews).
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schwarzschild.html
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