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Margaret B. Ingraham - Author and Poet
Margaret (Peggy) B. Ingraham was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and “grew up” exploring the woods behind her home. It was there that she first began to appreciate the rhythms and movements of light and time and the seasons and to observe their effects on the landscape and its flora and fauna. After moving from Atlanta, she lived in north Georgia, middle and west Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia. Her image-rich and distinctly musical poetry clearly reflects the literary, linguistic and cultural traditions of her native south. Like generations of poets writing in English, she was also drawn to the psalms, which she began reading as a young child. This interest continued into adulthood and led her to learn to read biblical Hebrew so that she could mine the images and experience the sounds and cadences of those magnificent poems in the language in which they were composed.
Margaretbingraham.com ~
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ʅ
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possess a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is ‹ɷ› for standard [ʊ]. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: ʮ for z̩ʷ is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ has been dropped.
Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Sinologists have used ‹ɿ› to represent [z̩], a vowel which represents the i in hanzi (see Pinyin).
There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as ƛ, and many Americanist symbols.
While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually small capitals), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is Kabiyé of northern Togo, which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ Ʃ (capital ʃ). Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ.
Capital letters are also used as cover symbols in phonotactic descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, etc.
This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature ([aːː] extra-long [a], [ˈˈa] extra stress, [kʰʰ] strongly aspirated [k], and [a˞˞] extra-rhotic [a]), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature ([ᵑɡ] slightly prenasalized [ɡ], [ᵗs] slightly affricated [s], and [ᵊ] epenthetic schwa). The asterisk, as in [k*] for the fortis stop of Korean, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature.
Xn--1oa.com ~
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...d'image - the essence of the image
d'image consults individuals, businesses, and organizations on image and self-projection. We cover every aspect of visual impression and expression you make on others and yourself. d'image presents the tools to guide you through making the necessary changes to be successful, to enhance your idividual-business-organizational image, to manage your time, and to increase self-awareness. It is our job to educate you so that you can decide what is best for you - not someone else.
Dimage.biz ~
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