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ǝ.net
Ə or ə is a letter derived from the Latin alphabet. Both glyphs of the majuscule and minuscule forms of this letter are based on the rotated form of a minuscule e; a similar letter with identical minuscule ǝ is used in the Pan-Nigerian Alphabet and some alphabets based on the African reference alphabet, but has the capital form majuscule Ǝ, based on a horizontally flipped majuscule E.
The letter was used in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, for example, in Janalif for the Tatar language in the 1920s-1930s.
In the Latin Azerbaijani and Chechen alphabets, Ə represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, minuscule ə is used to represent the mid central vowel (see schwa).
In the Latin transliteration of Avestan, the corresponding long vowel is written as schwa-macron, ə̄ .
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ѵ
Izhitsa (Ѵ, ѵ; Russian: И́жица) is a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet. It was used to represent upsilon (Υ, υ) in words derived from Greek, such as сѵнодъ (sünodǔ, 'synod'). It represented the same sound /i/ as the normal letter и in Russian. It was based on the Glagolitic Izhitsa (Ⱛ, ⱛ).
In the Russian language, the usage of izhitsa became progressively more rare during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was only one word with relatively stable spelling with izhitsa: мѵро (müro, 'myrrh') and its derivatives. The orthographic reform of 1918 does not mention the letter at all, so it “died” with no formal act. The capital form of izhitsa has traditionally been used in Russian books instead of the Roman numeral V.
The traditional spelling of Serbian was more conservative. It preserved all etymologically motivated izhitsas in words of Greek origin. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić had reformed the Serbian alphabet in the beginning of the nineteenth century and eliminated the letter, but the old spelling was used in some places as late as the 1880s.
Izhitsa is still in use in the Church Slavonic language. Like modern Greek upsilon, it can be pronounced /i/ as и, or /v/ as в. The basic distinction rule is simple: izhitsa with stress and/or aspiration marks is a vowel and therefore pronounced /i/; izhitsa without diacritical marks is a consonant and pronounced /v/. Unstressed /i/-sounding izhitsas are marked with a special diacritical mark, the so-called kendema or kendima (from the Greek word κέντημα). The shape of kendema over izhitsa may vary: in the books of Russian origin, it typically looks like double grave or sometimes like double acute. In older Serbian books, kendema most often looked like two dots (trema) or might even be replaced by a surrogate combination of aspiration and acute. These shape distinctions (with the exception of aspiration+acute) have no orthographical meaning and must be considered just as font style variations, so the Unicode name “izhitsa with double grave” (majuscule: Ѷ, minuscule: ѷ) is slightly misleading. Izhitsa with kendema is not a separate letter of the alphabet, but it may have personal position in computer encodings (e.g., Unicode). Historically, izhitsa with kendema corresponds to the Greek upsilon with dialytika (Ϋ, ϋ), but the orthographical meaning is quite different: Greeks use dialytika to prevent building diphthongs out of adjacent vowels, whereas Slavonic izhitsas with kendema may occur anywhere, even with no other vowels nearby.
The izhitsa is also used in the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, used until about 1860.
The izhitsa is sometimes used in place of the new IPA symbol for the labiodental flap because the signs are similar.
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ɵ
Barred O (majuscule: Ɵ, minuscule: ɵ) was a letter used in Janalif and other alphabets. formed the Uniform Turkic Alphabet, for example, Azerbaijani alphabet in 1929, when thelanguages shifted from Arabic script into Latin script. It represented the open-mid front rounded vowel [œ].
In many alphabets it was replaced by the Cyrillic letter Ө ө in 1939 and was again replaced by the Latin letter Ö ö in 1991 in Azerbaijani.
This letter is also part of the African reference alphabet.
The minuscule form [ɵ] is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the close-mid central rounded vowel.
It has no relation to the slashed zero, letter Ø ø, the similar Latin letter Ꝋꝋ, the Cyrillic letters Ѳ or Ө; or the Greek letter Θ θ, despite their similar shapes.
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ʉ
U bar (majuscule: Ʉ, minuscule: ʉ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from U with the addition of a bar.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase ʉ is used to represent a close central rounded vowel. The Unicode codepoints are U+0289 ʉ latin small letter u bar (HTML: ʉ) and U+0244 Ʉ latin capital letter u bar (HTML: Ʉ).
It is also used in the alphabets of various languages, including:
Arhuaco
Comanche
Melpa
Mesem
Sayula Popoluca
African languages:
Budu
Ejagham
Fe'fe'
Koonzime and its dialect Badwe'e
Lendu
Limbum
Mangbetu
Mekaa
Yamba
Yemba
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